Search Results for: yuri weight 2013

Introduction

This fact sheet provides information on weight-loss dietary supplements*, including summaries of research on the safety and efficacy of several of the most commonly used ingredients in these products.

More than two-third of adults and almost one-third of children and adolescents in the United States are overweight or have obesity [1,2]. Forty-five percent of Americans who are overweight and 67% of those with obesity are trying to lose weight [3].

Health experts agree that making lifestyle changesincluding following a healthy dietary pattern, reducing caloric intake, and engaging in physical activityis the basis for achieving long-term weight loss [4-7]. But because making diet and lifestyle changes can be difficult, many people turn to dietary supplements promoted for weight loss in the hope that these products will help them more easily achieve their weight-loss goals.

Approximately 15% of U.S. adults have used a weight-loss dietary supplement at some point in their lives; more women report use (21%) than men (10%) [8]. Americans spend about $2.1 billion a year on weight-loss dietary supplements in pill form (e.g., tablets, capsules, and softgels) [9], and one of the top 20 reasons why people take dietary supplements is to lose weight [10].

Dietary supplements promoted for weight loss encompass a wide variety of products and come in a variety of forms, including capsules, tablets, liquids, powders, and bars [11]. Manufacturers market these products with various claims, including that these products reduce macronutrient absorption, appetite, body fat, and weight and increase metabolism and thermogenesis. Weight-loss products can contain dozens of ingredients, and some contain more than 90 [11]. Common ingredients in these supplements include botanicals (herbs and other plant components), dietary fiber, caffeine, and minerals.

In its report on dietary supplements for weight loss, the U.S. Government Accountability Office concluded that "little is known about whether weight loss supplements are effective, but some supplements have been associated with the potential for physical harm" [12]. Many weight-loss supplements are costly, and some of these products ingredients can interact or interfere with certain medications. So it is important to consider what is knownand not knownabout each ingredient in any dietary supplement before using it.

People who are considering using weight-loss supplements should talk with their healthcare provider to discuss these products' potential benefits and risks. This is especially important for those who have medical conditions, including high blood pressure, diabetes, and liver or heart disease. Yet, according to a large national survey, less than one-third of U.S. adults who use weight-loss dietary supplements discuss this use with a healthcare professional [8].

*Dietary supplements are labeled with a Supplement Facts panel and do not include meal replacement shakes or prescription or over-the-counter medications.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates dietary supplements, including those promoted for weight loss [13]. Like other dietary supplements, weight-loss supplements differ from over-the-counter or prescription medications in that the FDA does not classify them as drugs. Unlike drugs, dietary supplements do not require premarket review or approval by the FDA. Supplement manufacturers are responsible for determining that their products are safe and their label claims are truthful and not misleading. If the FDA finds a supplement to be unsafe, it may take enforcement action to remove the product from the market or ask the manufacturer to recall the product. The FDA and the Federal Trade Commission can also take regulatory actions against manufacturers that make unsubstantiated weight-loss claims about their products. The FDA does not permit dietary supplements to contain pharmaceutical ingredients, and manufacturers may not promote dietary supplements to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease [13].

For more information about dietary supplement regulation, see the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) publication, Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know.

Weight-loss dietary supplements contain a wide variety of ingredients. Not surprisingly, the amount of scientific information available on these ingredients varies considerably. In some cases, evidence of their purported benefits consists of limited data from animal and laboratory studies, rather than data from human clinical trials. In other cases, studies supporting a given ingredients use are small, of short duration, and/or of poor quality, limiting the strength of the findings. In almost all cases, additional research is needed to fully understand the safety and/or efficacy of a particular ingredient [3].

Complicating the interpretation of many study results is the fact that most weight-loss dietary supplements contain multiple ingredients, making it difficult to isolate the effects of each ingredient and predict the effects of the combination. Evidence may exist for just one of the ingredients in a finished product, and no evidence may be available for an ingredient when it is combined with other ingredients. Furthermore, dosages and amounts of active components vary widely among weight-loss supplements, and a products composition is not always fully described in published studies [14]. Studies might also use different and sometimes inappropriate assessment techniques to measure the effectiveness of a given treatment. All of these factors can make it difficult to compare the results of one study with those of another.

Table 1 briefly summarizes the findings discussed in more detail in this fact sheet on the safety and efficacy of the most common ingredients of weight-loss dietary supplements. These ingredients are listed and discussed in the table and text in alphabetical order. Dosage information is provided when it is available. However, because ingredients might not be standardized and many products contain proprietary blends of ingredients, the active compounds and their amounts might not be comparable among products [15].

Research findings: Possible modest reduction in body weight and waist circumference

Reported adverse effects: Headache, difficulty sleeping, flatulence, and gas

Research findings: No effect on body weight

Reported adverse effects: Flatulence

Research findings: Possible increase in resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure; inconclusive effects on weight loss

Reported adverse effects: Chest pain, anxiety, headache, musculoskeletal complaints, and increased blood pressure and heart rate

Research findings: Possible modest effect on body weight or decreased weight gain over time

Reported adverse effects: Nervousness, jitteriness, vomiting, and tachycardia

Research findings: No effect on body weight, weight loss, or prevention of weight gain based on clinical trials

Reported adverse effects: Constipation, kidney stones, and interference with zinc and iron absorption at intakes above 2,0002,500 mg for adults

Research findings: Might reduce energy intake but no effect on body weight

Reported adverse effects: Gastrointestinal distress, increased insulin levels, and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels

Research findings: Possible modest reduction in body weight

Reported adverse effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and a fishy body odor; might increase trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels, which are linked to greater cardiovascular disease risk

Research findings: Minimal effect on body weight

Reported adverse effects: Flatulence, bloating, constipation, indigestion, nausea, and heartburn

Research findings: Minimal effect on body weight and body fat

Reported adverse effects: Headache, watery stools, constipation, weakness, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and urticaria (hives)

Research findings: No effect on body weight

Reported adverse effects: More frequent bowel movements, loose stools

Research findings: Minimal effect on body weight and body fat

Reported adverse effects: Abdominal discomfort and pain, constipation, diarrhea, loose stools, dyspepsia, and (possibly) adverse effects on blood lipids and glucose homeostasis

Research findings: Insufficient research to draw firm conclusions

Reported adverse effects: None known

Research findings: Little to no effect on body weight

Reported adverse effects: Headache, nausea, upper respiratory tract symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, mania, and liver damage

Research findings: Little to no effect on body weight

Reported adverse effects: Loose stools, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal discomfort

Research findings: Possible modest effect on body weight

Reported adverse effects: Headache and urinary tract infections

Research findings: Possible modest effect on body weight

Reported adverse effects (for green tea extract): Constipation, abdominal discomfort, nausea, increased blood pressure, and liver damage

Research findings: No effect on body weight

Reported adverse effects: Abdominal pain, flatulence, diarrhea, nausea, and cramps

Research findings: No effect on energy intake or body weight based on one study

Reported adverse effects: Headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting

Research findings: Inconsistent effects on body fat, waist and hip circumference, and body weight

Reported adverse effects: Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as gas

Research findings: Possible minimal effect on body weight and body fat

Reported adverse effects: Diarrhea, gas, bloating, and (possibly) decreased HDL levels

Research findings: Insufficient research to draw firm conclusions

Reported adverse effects: None known

Research findings: No effect on body weight

Reported adverse effects: Anorexia, weight loss, polyuria, heart arrhythmias, and increased calcium levels leading to vascular and tissue calcification

Research findings: Possible modest effect on body weight and body fat

Reported adverse effects: Headache, soft stools, flatulence, and constipation

Research findings: No effect on body weight; insufficient research to draw firm conclusions

Reported adverse effects: Headache, anxiety, agitation, hypertension, and tachycardia, myocardial infarction, cardiac failure, and death

African Mango [Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex ORorke) Baill.]

African mango, or Irvingia gabonensis, is a fruit-bearing tree that is native to western and central Africa [16]. Irvingia gabonensis seed kernel extract has been proposed to promote weight loss by inhibiting adipogenesis, as demonstrated in vitro [17]. In addition, a proprietary extract of Irvingia gabonensis, IGOB131, reduces serum levels of leptin [18], a hormone that is positively correlated with body weight and percentage body fat [19]. IGOB131 might also reduce total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels [18].

Efficacy: Studies have examined the effects of Irvingia gabonensis on weight loss to only a limited extent in humans. A clinical trial conducted in Cameroon randomized 102 adults with overweight or obesity (body mass index [BMI] >25) to receive either 150 mg IGOB131 or placebo 3060 minutes before lunch and dinner (300 mg total daily dose) for 10 weeks [18]. Participants who received the extract had significantly lower body weight, body fat, and waist circumference at the end of the trial than those taking a placebo. This trial, along with two others, was included in a 2013 systematic review whose authors reported that Irvingia gabonensis extract causes statistically significant reductions in body weight and waist circumference [19]. The authors noted, however, that the trials included in the review used different study methodologies, small samples, short intervention periods, and varying daily doses of Irvingia gabonensis extract (300 mg to 3,150 mg); in addition, the trials were all conducted by the same authors. Additional trials with larger samples and diverse populations are needed to determine whether Irvingia gabonensis extract is effective for weight loss [19].

Safety: Irvingia gabonensis extract appears to be well tolerated. No adverse effects have been found in rats at doses up to 2,500 mg/kg body weight per day [20], but its safety has not been rigorously studied in humans. Most reported adverse effects are mild, including headache, difficulty sleeping, flatulence and gas [19]. However, Irvingia gabonensis has been associated with renal failure in a patient with chronic kidney disease [21].

Beta-Glucans

Beta-glucans are glucose polysaccharides found in bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and cereal grains (such as oats and barley). As soluble dietary fibers, beta-glucans are proposed to increase satiety and gastrointestinal transit time and to slow glucose absorption [16]. Consumption of beta-glucans from barley has been shown to reduce energy intake and appetite in humans [22].

Efficacy: Several studies have investigated the effects of beta-glucans on blood lipids, blood pressure, and insulin resistance, with weight loss as a secondary outcome. In one of these studies, 66 women who were overweight followed a low-calorie diet (designed to produce a 0.5 kg/week weight loss) for 3 months that was supplemented with 56 g/day beta-glucan (from oat bran), 89 g/day beta-glucan, or no beta-glucan (control) [23]. At the end of the trial, all groups lost weight and had a smaller waist circumference, but there were no significant differences between groups. Similarly, other trials have found that 310 g/day beta-glucans for 412 weeks does not have a significant effect on weight loss [16].

Safety: Beta-glucans appear to be well tolerated. Reported adverse effects include increased flatulence, but not changes in stool consistency, stool frequency, or bloating [24].

Bitter Orange [(Citrus aurantium L.); zhi qiao]

Bitter orange is the common name for the botanical Citrus aurantium. The fruit of this plant is a source of p-synephrine (often referred to simply as synephrine) and other protoalkaloids [25- 28]. As alpha-adrenergic agonists, synephrine alkaloids can mimic the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine. However, the extent to which bitter orange and synephrine cause similar cardiovascular and central-nervous-system effects to epinephrine and norepinephrine (e.g., increased heart rate and blood pressure) is not clear [25-27].

Studies suggest that bitter orange increases energy expenditure and lipolysis and that it acts as a mild appetite suppressant [25,27]. After the FDA banned the use of ephedrine alkaloids in dietary supplements in 2004 [see section on ephedra (m hung)], manufacturers replaced ephedra with bitter orange in many products; thus, bitter orange became known as an ephedra substitute [29]. Although synephrine has some structural similarities to ephedrine, it has different pharmacological properties [27,30].

Efficacy: Several small human studies have examined whether bitter orange is effective for weight loss [30]. Interpreting the results of these studies is complicated by the fact that bitter orange is almost always combined with other ingredients in weight-loss supplements.

In one study, 20 healthy adults who were overweight (BMI >25) took a product containing 975 mg bitter orange extract (6% synephrine alkaloids), 528 mg caffeine, and 900 mg St. Johns wort; a placebo; or nothing (control) each day for 6 weeks [31]. All participants also took part in a circuit-training exercise program and were counseled to consume 1,800 kcal/day. At the end of the study, participants taking the combination bitter orange product had a significantly greater reduction in percent body fat and fat mass and a greater increase in basal metabolic rate than those in the placebo and control groups. Participants in all groups lost weight, but the authors did not report whether the mean reduction in body weight in the treatment group (1.4 kg) was significantly greater than that in the placebo group (0.9 kg) or control group (0.4 kg) [32].

In another study, 8 healthy people with overweight or obesity (BMI 2540) received counseling to follow a 1,2001,500 kcal/day diet and were randomized to take either an herbal supplement containing bitter orange (18 mg synephrine/day) and other ingredients, including guarana extract as a source of caffeine (396 mg caffeine/day), or placebo [33]. The peak rise in resting metabolic rate at baseline was significantly higher in participants taking the herbal supplement than those in the placebo group, but the difference was not significant at the end of the 8-week study. Participants taking the herbal supplement had a significant increase in mean body weight (1.13 kg) compared with those taking a placebo (0.09 kg) at the end of the study. However, this increase in body weight did not significantly affect body fat and lean tissue levels or waist circumference. The authors noted that the weight gain might have occurred by chance because the trial was insufficiently powered to detect this small difference.

The authors of a 2012 review of 23 small human clinical studies involving a total of 360 participants concluded that synephrine increases resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure [30]. The authors of an earlier review of animal studies, clinical trials, physiologic studies, and case reports concluded that synephrine alkaloids have a suggestion of some benefit to weight loss, but the available data are very limited and cannot be considered conclusive [25]. Similarly, a 2011 systematic review of four weight loss trials (including the two described above) concluded that the evidence of efficacy for bitter orange/synephrine is contradictory and weak [34]. According to all of these reviews, longer-term clinical trials with rigorous designs and large samples are needed to determine the value of bitter orange for weight loss.

Safety: Products containing bitter orange may have significant safety concerns. Reported adverse effects include chest pain, headache, anxiety, elevated heart rate, musculoskeletal complaints, ventricular fibrillation, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and death [34,35]. However, many of the products with these effects contain multiple herbal ingredients, and the role of bitter orange in these adverse effects cannot be isolated. Some studies indicate that bitter orange and synephrineas bitter orange extract or pure synephrineraise blood pressure and heart rate, but other studies show that they do not have these effects [25-27,31,36-39]. For example, a single dose of 900 mg bitter orange standardized to 6% (54 mg) synephrine significantly increased heart rate as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure for up to 5 hours compared to placebo in 15 healthy men and women [38]. However, in an 8-week clinical trial in 80 healthy, resistance-trained adult men, a dietary supplement containing bitter orange extract (providing 20 mg synephrine/day), 284 mg caffeine, and other ingredients did not increase resting heart rate, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, or reported side effects at 4 and 8 weeks compared to placebo or the same supplement formulation without synephrine [40]. Some researchers have suggested that synephrine might not act directly as a cardiovascular stimulant [27,37,39]. Instead, caffeine, other stimulants in multicomponent formulations, and other constituents of bitter orange or adulterants (such as m-synephrine, which is not naturally present in bitter orange) might be responsible for its observed effects.

Caffeine, Including Caffeine from Guarana, Kola Nut, Yerba Mat, or Other Herbs

Many dietary supplements promoted for weight loss contain added caffeine or an herbal sourcesuch as guarana (Paullinia cupana), kola (or cola) nut (Cola nitida), and yerba mat (Ilex paraguariensis)that naturally contains caffeine. Green tea and other forms of tea also contain caffeine (see section on green tea). Some weight-loss supplement labels do not declare the amount of caffeine in the product and only list the herbal ingredients. As a result, consumers might not be aware that the presence of certain herbs means that a product contains caffeine and possibly other stimulants [41].

Caffeine is a methylxanthine that stimulates the central nervous system, heart, and skeletal muscles. It also increases gastric and colonic activity and acts as a diuretic [42,43]. Caffeine has a half-life of about 6 hours; blood levels increase within 1545 minutes of consumption, and they peak at around 60 minutes [44]. Caffeine increases thermogenesis in a linear, dose-dependent fashion in humans [45]. A 100 mg dose of caffeine, for example, increased energy expenditure by a mean of 9.2 kcal/hr more than placebo in healthy humans, and this effect lasted for three hours or more. Caffeine might also contribute to weight loss by increasing fat oxidation through sympathetic activation of the central nervous system and by increasing fluid loss [41,45]. Habitual use of caffeine however, leads to caffeine tolerance and a diminishment of these effects [41,43].

Efficacy: Caffeine increases energy expenditure and fat oxidation [44]. However, the extent to which these effects affect weight loss is less clear, partly because clinical trials examining the effects of caffeine on weight loss have all been short and have used combination products. In one study, 167 participants with overweight or obesity (BMI 2540) took a supplement containing kola nut (192 mg/day caffeine) and ma huang (90 mg/day ephedrine) or placebo [46]. Participants were counseled to eat a normal diet except for limiting dietary fat to 30% of calories and to exercise moderately. After 6 months, those in the treatment group lost significantly more weight (mean weight loss 5.3 kg) than those in the placebo group (2.6 kg) and had significantly greater body fat reduction. A product containing caffeine plus glucosyl hesperidin (G-hesperidin, a flavonone glycoside found mainly in citrus fruits) reduced abdominal fat and BMI in a clinical trial in Japan [47]. In this study, 75 healthy men and women who were overweight (BMI 2430) received one of five treatments daily for 12 weeks while maintaining their regular lifestyle and eating habits. The five treatments were placebo and four formulations of 0, 25, 50, or 75 mg caffeine plus 500 mg G-hesperidin. The 75 mg caffeine plus G-hesperidin significantly reduced BMI by a mean of 0.56 vs. 0.02 for placebo. The 50 or 75 mg caffeine plus G-hesperidin also significantly reduced abdominal fat compared to placebo, whereas the G-hesperidin alone or with only 25 mg caffeine did not significantly affect BMI or abdominal fat. These findings indicate that the higher doses of caffeine might be responsible for the observed effects.

In another study, 47 adults who were overweight (BMI 2630) were randomized to take a combination product containing 336 mg yerba mat (11.5% caffeine), 285 mg guarana (36% caffeine), and 108 mg damiana (a botanical extract that contains essential oils, resins, and tannins but not caffeine) or placebo 15 minutes before each main meal for 45 days while maintaining their normal eating habits [48]. At the end of the study, participants taking the herbal product lost a mean of 5.1 kg compared to 0.3 kg for those taking the placebo.

Data from a 12-year prospective observational study provide some insight into the long-term association between caffeine intake and body weight [49]. In this study, researchers followed 18,417 healthy men and 39,740 healthy women enrolled in either the Nurses Health Study or the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. On average, participants gained some weight during the study, but men who increased their caffeine intake during the 12 years of follow-up gained a mean of 0.43 kg less than those who decreased their caffeine consumption. For women, the corresponding mean difference in weight gain was 0.35 kg less. In a cross-sectional study, German adults who had lost weight and maintained the weight loss (n = 494) reported significantly higher consumption of coffee and other caffeinated beverages (mean intake 3.83 cups/day) than the general population (n = 2,129, mean intake 3.35 cups/day), suggesting that caffeine might help with weight loss maintenance [50]. However, further research is needed to confirm this finding.

Safety: For healthy adults, the FDA and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) state that up to 400 mg/day caffeine does not pose safety concerns [51,52], whereas the American Medical Association recommends a limit of 500 mg/day [53]. For comparison, an 8-ounce cup of brewed coffee contains about 85100 mg caffeine . The FDA and EFSA have not set a safe level of intake for children, but the American Medical Association recommends that adolescents consume no more than 100 mg/day, and the American Academy of Pediatrics discourages children and adolescents from consuming caffeine and other stimulants [51-54].

Caffeine can cause sleep disturbances and feelings of nervousness, jitteriness, and shakiness. Caffeine can be toxic at doses of 15 mg/kg (about 1,000 mg for a 150-lb adult), causing nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, seizures, and cerebral edema [42]. Doses above 150 mg/kg (about 10,000 mg for a 150-lb adult) can be fatal. Combining caffeine with other stimulants, such as bitter orange and ephedrine, can potentiate these adverse effects. According to an analysis, 47% of calls to the California Poison Control System in 2006 reporting adverse effects or toxicities potentially caused by dietary supplements involved products containing caffeine [55]

Calcium

Calcium is an essential mineral that is stored in the bones and teeth, where it supports their structure and function. Calcium is required for vascular contraction and vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, intracellular signaling, and hormonal secretion [56]. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient needs of 9798% of healthy individuals) for calcium ranges from 1,000 to 1,300 mg/day for children and adults aged 4 years and older.

Several studies have correlated higher calcium intakes with lower body weight or less weight gain over time [57-61]. Two explanations have been proposed. First, high calcium intakes might reduce calcium concentrations in fat cells by decreasing the production of parathyroid hormone and the active form of vitamin D. Decreased intracellular calcium concentrations, in turn, might increase fat breakdown and discourage fat accumulation in these cells [59]. Second, calcium from food or supplements might bind to small amounts of dietary fat in the digestive tract and prevent absorption of this fat [59,62,63]. Dairy products, in particular, might contain additional components that have even greater effects on body weight than their calcium content alone would suggest [60,64-67]. For example, protein and other components of dairy products might modulate appetite-regulating hormones [61].

Efficacy: A 2014 randomized crossover trial in 15 healthy young men found that diets high in milk or cheese (supplying a total of 1,700 mg/day calcium) significantly increased fecal fat excretion compared to a control diet that supplied 500 mg calcium/day [68]. However, the results from clinical trials examining the effects of calcium on body weight have been largely negative. For example, supplementation with 1,500 mg/day calcium (from calcium carbonate) was investigated in 340 adults with overweight or obesity (BMI 25) with mean baseline calcium intakes of 878 mg/day (treatment group) and 887 mg/day (placebo group) [69]. Compared to placebo, calcium supplementation for 2 years had no clinically significant effects on weight.

The authors of four reviews of published studies on the effects of calcium from supplements or dairy products on weight management reached similar conclusions [70-73]. These reviews include a 2009 evidence report from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality whose authors concluded that, overall, clinical trial results do not support an effect of calcium supplementation on weight [70]. In addition, a 2015 meta-analysis of 41 randomized controlled trials found no benefit of calcium supplementation or increased dairy food consumption for body weight or body fat [73]. A 2016 meta-analysis of 33 randomized trials and longitudinal studies lasting 12 weeks to 6 years found that calcium from foods or supplements had no overall effect on body weight [74]. However, in subgroup analyses, calcium did reduce body weight in some groups, including children, adolescents, adult men, premenopausal women, women older than 60, and people with normal BMI [74]. Overall, the results from clinical trials do not support a clear link between higher calcium intakes and lower body weight, prevention of weight gain, or weight loss.

Safety: The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL; maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects) for calcium established by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (now the Academy of Medicine at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine) is 2,500 mg/day for adults aged 1950 years and 2,000 mg for adults aged 51 and older [56]. High intakes of calcium can cause constipation and might interfere with the absorption of iron and zinc, although this effect is not well established. High intakes of calcium from supplements, but not foods, have been associated with an increased risk of kidney stones [56,75-77].

Capsaicin and Other Capsaicinoids

Capsaicinoids give chili peppers their characteristic pungent flavor. Capsaicin is the most abundant and well-studied capsaicinoid [78]. Capsaicin and other capsaicinoids have been proposed to have anti-obesity effects via their ability to increase energy expenditure and lipid oxidation, attenuate postprandial insulin response, increase satiety, and reduce appetite and energy intake [78-82]. Other research suggests that capsaicin increases satiety by inducing gastrointestinal distress (e.g., pain, burning sensation, nausea, and bloating, which could all reduce the desire to eat) rather than by releasing satiety hormones [82].

Efficacy: Most research on capsaicin and other capsaicinoids focuses on their effects on energy intake and appetite, rather than body weight. A meta-analysis of eight randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials evaluated the effects of capsaicinoids on ad libitum energy intake in a total of 191 participants who had a normal body weight or were moderately overweight [78]. Doses of capsaicinoids ranged from 0.2 mg in a single meal to 33 mg/day for 4 weeks (via chili powder, chili-containing foods, or chili capsules). Overall, consuming capsaicinoids significantly reduced energy intake by a mean of 74 kcal per meal; body weight was not assessed, so the impact of this calorie reduction on weight loss cannot be quantified. The authors noted that the results suggest that at least 2 mg capsaicinoids are needed to reduce calorie intake but that the studies were very heterogeneous.

A 2017 clinical trial compared 2 mg/day and 4 mg/day capsaicinoid supplements for 12 weeks in 77 adults who were overweight [83]. At the end of the trial, participants receiving 4 mg/day capsaicinoids reported a mean intake of 252 fewer calories per day than those receiving placebo and a mean of 140 fewer calories per day than those receiving 2 mg/day capsaicinoids. However, the calorie reductions did not significantly affect body weight at either 6 weeks or 12 weeks.

Safety: Supplementation with 4 mg/day capsaicinoids can cause gastrointestinal distress [83]. It might also increase serum insulin and reduce high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Otherwise, capsaicin and other capsaicinoids appear to be safe. Research is underway to reduce the pungency and "chili taste" associated with capsaicin while retaining its potential biological effects [81].

Carnitine

Carnitine is the generic term for several compounds, including L-carnitine itself, several acylcarnitines (e.g., acetyl-L-carnitine), and propionyl-L-carnitine. It is composed of the amino acids lysine and methionine [84]. Carnitine is naturally present in animal products such as meat, fish, poultry, and milk and dairy products; small amounts are present in some plant foods. Humans synthesize carnitine from its constituent amino acids, so dietary carnitine intake is not necessary. Almost all cells of the body contain carnitine, which transports fatty acids into the mitochondria and acts as a cofactor for fatty acid beta-oxidation [85]. Because of these effects, carnitine has been proposed as a weight-loss agent.

Follow this link:
Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS)

sourceStephen Pond/Getty; Charlo Jayne Kamin-Oncea/Getty; Mark Runnacles/Getty; Shayanne Gal/Business Insider

Heavyweights are often considered to be the worlds best boxers, because a 6-foot-9 athlete who weighs 250 pounds would easily flatten someone 5-foot-8 and 140 pounds during a 12-round fist fight.

But this is why the term pound-for-pound was born, linked with Sugar Ray Leonard, a former welterweight and middleweight champion from the 1940s and 1950s who is regarded as the best boxer in history, despite the exploits of bigger-name heavyweights Muhammad Ali and Mike Tyson.

The term dates back even further as it was featured in the New York Sun two centuries ago. The young men of today are the best the world has seen, the newspaper said in 1888.

The old-time bruisers might be ransacked without finding one who, pound-for-pound, could hold his own with any of the entire school of present artists from Sullivan down through Mitchell, Dempsey, McAuliffe, or Weir.

Pound-for-pound lists rank fighters on one or more criteria which usually consists of quality of victories, achievements, and ability, regardless of weight class. Though a heavyweight could swat a flyweight with ease in reality, in pound-for-pound lists a flyweight could rank higher than the heavyweight.

Business Insider created this list by looking at three main criteria: the quality of a boxers victories, achievements, and talent level.

These lists always create arguments, and Business Insiders will be no different.

Weight class: Minimumweight.

Nationality: Thai.

Why hes ranked: It says a lot that Moonsri, also known as Wanheng Menayothin, surpassed Floyd Mayweathers individual 50-0 boxing record with little more than a whisper in the mainstream sporting press.

Mayweather, the most technically-brilliant pugilist of the last 25 years at least, had the benefit of a powerful Las Vegas-based promoter, the gift of the gab, and then major broadcasters around the world to trumpet his achievements.

Moonsri, in contrast, competes exclusively in Thailand, his fights are rarely seen outside of Asia, and he fights in a weight class very few care about; minimumweight, where athletes weigh no more than 105 pounds (48 kg).

This does not detract from one significant thing he has been winning since 2007 and has been a champion since 2014. An all-Thai fight against Thammanoon Niyomtrong, the WBA champion, could elevate Moonsris ranking, as could a title in the weight class above, at light flyweight.

Championships won: WBC minimumweight title (2014 to present).

Weight class: Lightweight.

Nationality: American.

Why hes ranked: Want to annoy a lot of boxing fans? Whack Davis in your pound-for-pound lists because, boy, does this dude have his haters.

Davis is promoted by Mayweather Promotions CEO Leonard Ellerbe, who is building interest in the lightweight in the fighters home city Baltimore, in black Hollywood Atlanta, and, eventually, the fight capital of the world, Las Vegas.

Business Insider met Davis when he was in London in 2017 ahead of his knockout victory over Liam Walsh, where he was flanked by a big entourage, Mayweather, and Ellerbe.

As an athlete who finished his amateur career with a 206-15 record, Davis has extraordinary finishing ability to complement his technical base something he has shown for years.

He is next in action on Saturday, December 28 where he fights for a world title in a second weight class against Yuriorkis Gamboa, a fighter he is expected to destroy before those influential figures who surround him attempt to elevate him in pound-for-pound lists around the world by booking him into bigger and better fights.

Championships won: World titles at super featherweight (2017 to present).

Weight class: Middleweight.

Nationality: American.

Why hes ranked: Jermall Charlo is becoming increasingly known around the world as he is doing one critical thing winning.

After beating super welterweight opponents like Cornelius Bundrage, Austin Trout, and Julian Williams in championship fights, Charlo moved up to middleweight and told Business Insider recently that the division, which has seen Mexican and European fighters vie for supremacy, is now an American weight class again, and its all because of him.

As a 29-year-old, Charlo has entered his prime as an athlete and a fighter. He applies pressure, has respectable punching power, and has aspirations to take out the divisions big names. If he does, hell find himself replacing them in lists like these.

Championships won: WBC middleweight title (2019 to present) and the IBF super welterweight title (2015 to 2016).

Weight class: Heavyweight.

Nationality: English, with Irish traveller heritage.

Why hes ranked: A clip of Fury uppercutting himself in the face during a 2009 win over the journeyman fighter Lee Swaby haunted the heavyweight for years.

Detractors would use footage as part of their criticisms that Fury would amount to little, but his victory over Wladimir Klitschko changed everything. Fury out-thought, out-boxed, and out-pointed Klitschko, a long-reigning champion at the time, in a 2015 bamboozling for the ages.

He did not fight for three years, suffering depression and saying he wanted to crash his Ferrari at 190mph so he could crush it like a Coke can. Still, he returned to the ring on form, winning twice, before being one of only two athletes to take Deontay Wilder the 12-round distance in 2018.

That Wilder draw is the only minor blemish on Furys record, a blemish his promoter Frank Warren told Business Insider was unjust as Fury had done enough to win.

The rematch, scheduled for February 22, could change Fury, and Wilders, position on this list.

Championships won: Three heavyweight world titles (2015).

Weight class: Heavyweight.

Nationality: American.

Why hes ranked: Just looking at Wilders record bring two words to mind holy hell.

Only two of his opponents have heard the final bell, and only one, Tyson Fury, left the ring with a draw.

Wilder has fought 42 times and he has either knocked down, or knocked out, every opponent hes ever faced as a pro fighter.

The 34-year-old has power like no other in boxing today. It is a brutal, one-punch, knockout power that ends a fight at a moments notice.

Wilder can be losing every minute of every round of a fight, like he was in his rematch with Luis Ortiz in November, before ending the bout with his mighty right hand.

Thats scary power, and an incredible asset to brag about.

Championships won: WBC heavyweight title (2015 to present).

Weight class: Super lightweight.

Nationality: Scottish.

Why hes ranked: The 28-year-old southpaw is one of three fighters on this list who have benefitted from participating and winning the prestigious World Boxing Super Series (WBSS) competition.

The WBSS has one mission whenever it organizes an eight-man competition bring the best fighters in one weight class into one tournament, and make them box each other in a knockout format until theres only one man left standing.

That man in the 2018-2019 super lightweight edition was Josh Taylor, who knocked out the American athlete Ryan Martin in last years quarterfinal before defeating Ivan Baranchyk and Regis Prograis to claim the Muhammad Ali trophy this year.

The win over Prograis is a leading candidate to win the Fight of the Year, and as Taylor won, it is something that gives him a great platform going forward.

Championships won: Two super lightweight world titles (2019 to present).

Weight class: Middleweight.

Nationality: Kazakh.

Why hes ranked: The man who popularized the phrase Big Drama Show plays his part in an event like few others.

Before Golovkin turned professional, he was a wildly decorated amateur fighter with a 2003 World Amateur Championships gold medal and a silver at the 2004 Olympic Games.

He turned pro two years later, won his first (interim) world title four years after that, and quickly developed a reputation because of his punching power.

The only blemishes on Golovins record are a 2017 draw against Canelo Alvarez, which some say he should have won, and a loss in the rematch, which he also should have won, according to others.

He recaptured a middleweight belt in his last fight, a close decision win over the Ukranian boxer Sergiy Derevyanchenko.

Championships won: IBF middleweight world title (2019 to present), and a former three-belt middleweight world titlist.

Weight class: Super flyweight.

Nationality: Mexican.

Why hes ranked: Estrada has been a pro fighter for 11 years and, in that time, has already won world titles in three weight classes just like previous Mexican greats Julio Cesar Chavez, Erik Morales, and Fernando Montiel.

Estrada has signature wins over Brian Viloria in China, Giovani Segura in Mexico, and Srisaket Sor Rungvisai in California.

As a Mexican boxer, he naturally has a good left hook to the body, a solid right hand over the top, and good finishing instincts.

At 29, Estrada is, in theory, in his prime years as an athlete and as a fighter, and, with the backing of Matchroom Boxing and DAZN, could secure even more legacy wins in the near future. A trilogy bout against the former pound-for-pound fighter Sor Rungvisai (as the rivalry is currently tied at one win apiece) has been mooted.

Championships won: WBC world super fly title (2018 to present), and world titles at fly (2013 to 2015), and light fly (2012).

Weight class: Welterweight.

Nationality: Filipino.

Why hes ranked: Why wouldnt he be ranked?

Of all the fighters on this list, Pacquiao a pound-for-pound mainstay for longer than his rivals here have been fighting for pay needs no justification.

Championships won: WBA welterweight world title (2018 to present), and world titles at welterweight (2016, 2013 to 2014, 2009 to 2011), super middleweight (2010), super lightweight (2009), lightweight (2008), super featherweight (2008), super bantamweight (2001 to 2003), and flyweight (1998 to 1999).

Weight class: Welterweight.

Nationality: American.

Why hes ranked: Since Floyd Mayweather retired for the third time after he finished the UFC fighter Conor McGregor in 2017, boxing has looked at the next great welterweight who can fly the flag for the sport, and also for America.

Spence Jr. is one of the American welterweights who could be that new dominant force, and few come cooler as he seems unfazed when standing face-to-face with whatever opponent, unflappable in the midst of leather-strewn battle, and has come up trumps in every bout.

He is an extraordinary in-fighter who possesses a good box of tricks and is capable of fighting at great pressure.

Spence Jr. has big wins over many top fighters including Kell Brook, Mikey Garcia, and Shawn Porter, but there is one rival he needs to beat to elevate his standing as a pound-for-pound athlete and hes the next fighter on this list.

Championships won: IBF welterweight world title (2017 to present) and WBC welterweight world title (2019 to present).

Weight class: Welterweight.

Nationality: American.

Why hes ranked: To watch, the switch-hitting Crawford appears to be the most beautiful boxer on the planet.

Hes got fast hands, good counter-punching ability, and solid defensive skills.

His achievements as a three-weight world champion and the undisputed king of the light welterweight division also puts him in good stead in this list. But he doesnt rank higher because Crawford has no clear, career-defining victory.

Signed to the Top Rank promotional stable, Crawfords main rivals Pacquiao and Spence Jr. are currently signed to the rival fight firm Premier Boxing Champions. Crawford needs to fight at least one of those PBC athletes, preferably both, and win, if he wants to climb higher as a pound-for-pound force.

Championships won: Current WBO welterweight world title holder as well as the former undisputed light welterweight champion and the WBO lightweight titlist.

Weight class: Bantamweight.

View post:
POWER RANKED: The 15 best boxers in the world right now - Business Insider

CANASTOTA, N.Y. (AP) A look at the 13 people to be inducted June 14, 2020 into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and Museum:

MODERN (last bout no earlier than 1989)

MEN

BERNARD HOPKINS: Nicknamed The Executioner and The Alien. ... born Jan. 15, 1965 in Philadelphia. ... turned pro in 1988 and won the USBA middleweight title before stopping Segundo Mercado (KO-7) for the vacant IBF belt in 1995 to begin a historic 160-pound title reign that included a division-record 20 successful title defenses. ... became the first fighter to unify all four title belts, defeating WBC champion Keith Holmes (W-12) and scoring a 12th-round knockout over WBA champ Felix Trinidad in 2001 and stopping Oscar De La Hoya (KO-9) in 2004 for the WBO title. ... named Fighter of the Year in 2001. ... after a decade atop the division lost the belts to Jermain Taylor in 2005. ... moved up to light heavyweight and beat Antonio Tarver (W-12) in 2006. ... won the WBC title (W-12 Jean Pascal) in 2011, the IBF (W-12 Tavoris Cloud) in 2013, and the WBA (W-12 Beibut Shumenov) in 2014. ... following losses to Sergey Kovalev and Joe Smith, Jr. he retired in 2016 with a record of 55-8-2 with 32 KOs and two NC that included wins over Roy Jones Jr., Winky Wright, Glen Johnson, Simon Brown, Carl Daniels, Antwun Echols and Kelly Pavlik. ... oldest fighter to win a world title (48) and oldest to unify belts (49). ... remains involved in boxing as a partner in Golden Boy Promotions.

JUAN MANUEL MARQUEZ: Nicknamed Dinamita. ... born Aug. 23, 1973 in Mexico City. ... turned pro in 1993 and captured the NABO, NABF and USBA featherweight titles before stopping Manuel Medina (KO-7) for the vacant IBF featherweight title and Derrick Gainer in a technical decision in 7 rounds for the WBA featherweight belt in 2003. ... before being stripped of both belts in 2005 drew with Manny Pacquiao and scored 12-round wins over Orlando Salido and Victor Polor in title defenses. ... following a controversial 12-round loss to Chris John for the WBA belt, Marquez rebounded to win the interim WBO title in 2006. ... moved up in weight to win the WBC super featherweight belt with a 12-round victory over Marco Antonio Barrera in 2007. ... lost the belt in 12-round decision to Pacquiao in a rematch the next year. ... scored a ninth-round knockout over Juan Diaz to win WBO lightweight and WBA world lightweight belts in 2009 to become a three-division champion. ... after defending against Diaz (W-12) and Michael Katsidis (KO-9), lost in 12 rounds to Pacquiao in their third bout for the WBO 147-pound belt. ... defeated Serhiy Fedchenko (W-12) for the WBO light welterweight title to become a four-division champion. ... in 2012 knocked out Pacquiao in the sixth round of their fourth meeting. ... following a 12-round loss to Timothy Bradley and a 12-round win over Mike Alvarado (W 12) retired in 2014 with a record of 56-7-1, including 40 KOs.

SHANE MOSLEY: Nicknamed Sugar. ... born Shane Donte Mosley on Sept. 7, 1971 in Lynwood, California. ... amassed over 200 amateur wins before turning pro in 1993. ... in 1997 defeated Philip Holiday (W-12) for the IBF lightweight championship. ... defended title eight times, each by knockout, including wins over John John Molina (KO-8), James Leija (KO-9) and Golden Johnson (KO-7). ... in 2000 defeated Oscar De La Hoya for WBC welterweight title and defended three times before losing it to Vernon Forrest in 2002. ... joined the junior middleweight division and became a three-division champion by defeating De La Hoya for the WBC/WBA 154-pound titles. ... after losing back-to-back title fights to Winky Wright, scored a pair of knockout wins over Fernando Vargas before beating Luis Collazo (W-12) for the interim WBC welterweight title in 2007. ... stopped Ricardo Mayorga (KO-12) before stopping Antonio Margarito (KO-9) for the WBA super world welterweight title in 2009. ... drew with Sergio Mora and lost decisions to Floyd Mayweather Jr., Manny Pacquiao and Canelo Alvarez before retiring in 2012 with a pro record of 49-10-1 with 41 KOs.

WOMEN

Photo: KEVORK DJANSEZIAN, AP

The 2020 Boxing Hall of Fame class

CHRISTY MARTIN: Nicknamed The Coal Miners Daughter. ... born Christy Renea Salters on June 12, 1968 in Mullens, West Virginia. ... a scholarship basketball player at Concord College, she graduated with honors in education and began boxing on a dare in 1986 while still in college, entering and winning a Tough Woman contest. ... turned pro in 1989 while working as a substitute teacher in Tennessee. ... in 1993 became the first woman to sign a promotional contract with Don King. ... posted a six-round decision in 1996 over Deirdre Gogarty in Las Vegas on the Tyson vs. Bruno II undercard. ... became the face of womens boxing and landed on the cover of Sports Illustrated. ... won WBC super welterweight championship in 2009 and compiled a 49-7-3 with 31 KOs in a professional record that included a draw with Laura Serrano and wins over Melinda Robinson, Belinda Laracuente, Andrea DeShong, Isra Girgrah, Kathy Collins, Mia St. John and Dakota Stone. ... remains in the sport as CEO of Christy Martin Promotions.

LUCIA RIJKER: Nicknamed The Dutch Destroyer. Born Lucia Frederica Rijker on Dec. 6, 1967 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. ... posted a 37-0 kickboxing record before moving to Los Angeles in 1994 to pursue a career in boxing. ... at 5-foot-6 honed her craft at the Ten Goose Boxing Club in 1995 under Joe Goossen. ... made her pro debut in 1996, switched to trainer Freddie Roach, and signed a promotional contract with Bob Arums Top Rank. ... first licensed female boxer in her home country. ... went undefeated for eight years, posting a 17-0 record with 14 KOs. ... captured the WIBF super lightweight title in 1997 and the IBO super lightweight title in 1998. ... scored wins over Chevelle Hallback, Andrea DeShong and Jane Couch. ... in 2005 portrayed Billie The Blue Bear in the Academy Award-winning motion picture Million Dollar Baby," starring alongside Hilary Swank, Morgan Freeman and Clint Eastwood. ... a proposed super fight with Christy Martin was scheduled in 2005 but was canceled due to an Achilles tendon injury. ... Rijker last fought in 2004 but has remained in the sport as a trainer, guiding Diana Prazak to a WBC world title.

TRAILBLAZER (last bout no later than 1988)

BARBARA BUTTRICK: Nicknamed The Mighty Atom of the Ring. ... born Dec. 3, 1929 in Hessle, Yorkshire, England. ... became interested in boxing as a teenager after reading about Polly Burns, who boxed in the early 1900s. ... at age 18 and 4-foot-11 and 98 pounds began training in Londons Wayfair Gym and boxed in exhibitions at fairs in England and France as part of a traveling boxing troupe since womens professional boxing was banned by the BBBC. ... ventured to the U.S. in 1952 with her husband/ trainer Len Smith recognized as the flyweight champion of the world. ... boxed throughout North America and only lost once, to JoAnn Hagen, who outweighed her by 30 pounds. ... won bantamweight championship of the world with a unanimous decision over Phyllis Kugler in 1957. ... retired in 1961 with a pro record of 30-1-1 after a groundbreaking career that included over 1,000 boxing exhibitions against both men and women. ... remained in boxing as a licensed manager and trainer and in 1993 started the Womens International Boxing Federation (WIBF).

PIONEER (last bout in or prior to 1892)

PADDY RYAN: Born Patrick Henry Ryan on March 15, 1853 in Thurles, Tipperary, Ireland. ... came to the United States with his family at age 8 and settled in Troy, New York. ... as a teen worked as a lock tender on the Erie Canal and took up boxing under Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute athletic director Jimmy Killoran. ... boxed in many contests, but there is no definitive record of his early exploits. ... the 5-11 Ryan won the American heavyweight championship by stopping Joe Goss in 87 rounds on May 30, 1880 in what was technically his first professional bout. ... lost the title to John L. Sullivan in nine rounds in 1882 in Mississippi City. ... Ryan, who suffered from Brights Disease, died Dec. 14, 1900 in Green Island, New York.

OLD-TIMER (last bout no earlier than 1893, no later than 1942)

FRANK ERNE: Born Erwin Erne on Jan. 8, 1875 in Zurich, Switzerland. ... settled in Buffalo, New York at age 7 with his family and took up boxing while in school. ... after finding success as an amateur turned pro in 1892 and quickly climbed the featherweight ranks. ... defeated Jack Skelly twice and drew with George Dixon and Young Griffo. ... various sources credit his 1896 win in 20 rounds over featherweight champion Dixon as a title fight. ... moved up to lightweight and drew with champion George Kid Lavigne in 1898. ... a 25-round win over George Elbows McFadden set up a rematch with Lavigne and Erne captured the lightweight title with a 20-round decision. ... defended against New York Jack OBrien (25 rounds) and Joe Gans (KO-12). ... unsuccessfully challenged Rube Ferns in 1901 for the world welterweight title (KO-9). ... returned to lightweight ranks to defend against Gans and lost the title in a first-round knockout. ... inactive from 1904-07 when he served as boxing instructor at Yale. ... returned to the ring for a bout in 1908, besting Curley Watson in 10 rounds and promptly retired with a pro record of 30-6-11 with 15 KOs and one NC. ... died Sept. 17, 1954 at Beth David Hospital in New York City at age 79.

OBSERVER (print and media journalists, media executives and producers, publishers, writers, historians, record keepers, statisticians, photographers, artists and screenwriters)

BERNARD FERNANDEZ: Journalist. ... born in New Orleans and was introduced to the sport by his prizefighting father. ... began his sports writing career as a copy boy at the New Orleans Times Picayune and also worked at the Miami Herald and Jackson Daily News in Mississippi. ... first super fight he covered was in his hometown when Muhammad Ali and Leon Spinks fought a rematch at the Superdome in 1978. ... moved to Philadelphia and began covering sports for the Daily News in 1984. ... took over the boxing beat in 1987 and remained until 2012. ... also covered Mike Tyson-Michael Spinks, Buster Douglass upset of Tyson, the Micky Ward vs. Arturo Gatti series, and Julio Cesar Chavezs 12th-round stoppage of Meldrick Taylor. ... now writes for The Ring and The Sweet Science. ... has won over 100 awards for writing and public service, including the 1998 BWAA Nat Fleischer Award for excellence in boxing journalism and the 2015 Barney Nagler Award for long and meritorious service to boxing. ... five-term president of the BWAA. ... also appeared in three boxing films: Play It To The Bone," Rocky Balboa" and Real Steel."

THOMAS HAUSER: Journalist. Born Feb. 27, 1946 in New York City. ... graduated from Columbia Law School in 1970 and was a law firm associate from 1971-77. ... while at Columbia hosted radio show Personalities In Sports," where he interviewed stars including Muhammad Ali. ... turned his attention to writing and in 1986 authored the acclaimed The Black Lights: Inside the World of Professional Boxing. ... chosen to be official biographer in 1991, he published his seminal work Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times, one of 52 books hes written ... in 2004 he was awarded the BWAA Nat Fleischer Award for excellence in boxing journalism.

NON-PARTICIPANT

LOU DiBELLA: Former HBO executive (1989-2000) and was instrumental in the Boxing After Dark" series. ... also created HBOs afternoon boxing series KO Nation." ... in 2000 left his position at HBO and established DiBella Entertainment where he created the monthly televised series Broadway Boxing. ... among boxers he's promoted are Bernard Hopkins, Jermain Taylor, Ike Quartey, Paulie Malignaggi, Yuri Foreman, and Micky Ward. ... one of the promoters who collaborated with Showtime to facilitate the Super Six World Boxing Classic super middleweight tournament (2009-11). ... in 2016 promoted the first heavyweight title bout in Brooklyn in 115 years when WBC champion Deontay Wilder stopped Artur Szpilka at Barclays Center.

KATHY DUVA: Began as publicist at Main Events in 1977 and took over as CEO upon husband Dans death in 1996. ... orchestrated the return of boxing to network television with the NBC Boxing Series" (2003-04) and Fight Night on NBC" (2012). ... partnered with ESPN to bring pay-per-view boxing to the network. ... one of the top promoters in boxing for over two decades and one of the few female promoters in the business. ... joins husband and father-in-law Lou Duva in the Hall of Fame.

DAN GOOSSEN: Born Daniel Albert Goossen on Oct. 3, 1949. ... formed the family-run Ten Goose Boxing in 1982 to train, manage and promote boxers. ... developed such champions as brothers Gabriel and Rafael Ruelas, Michael Nunn and Terry Norris. ... after dissolving Ten Goose in 1994, became vice president at Top Rank before forming America Presents in 1996. ... started Ten Goose Sports in 2001, Goossen Tutor Promotions in 2002 and ultimately Goossen Promotions. ... one of the promoters who collaborated with Showtime to facilitate the Super Six World Boxing Classic super middleweight tournament (2009-11). ... also presented many cards for Fox Sports Networks Best Damn Fight Night Period" and Sunday Night Fights series." ... died Sept. 29, 2014 at age 64 from liver cancer.

Read more:
The 2020 Boxing Hall of Fame class - Greenwich Time