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Why Experts Often Recommend This Eating Plan For Better Heart Health – Well+Good

Posted: June 24, 2020 at 8:48 pm

If the DASH diet brings to mind confusion with a touch of familiarity, same. It feels like one of those healthy eating plans that has been around in the background forever, like Atkins, but that I never really knew much about. Honestly if someone before today had asked me, a wellness writer, if I knew what DASH diet stands for (and even what it was), I would have made a lame pun and then evaded the question by pulling up a picture of my foster dog.

But we all might have majorly screwed up by sleeping on the DASH diet. Tracy Lockwood Beckerman, RD, breaks down what you need to know on the latest episode of Well+Goods YouTube series You Versus Food. The word diet has gotten a bad rap lately, with good reason. But when the word diet is used to describe adhering to a certain way of eating that makes your insides feel better and prevents health problems and long-term issues, thats the kind of diet I can stand behind, Beckerman says. And thats exactly what the DASH diet is.

DASH stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, and its a way of eating that helps prevent high blood pressure, heart disease, and strokes. Blood pressure, she explains, is the speed at which blood moves through your veins; high blood pressure can damage the heart, weaken blood vessels, and increase the risk of stroke if gone unchecked. Research shows that high blood pressure is less prevalent in plant-based eaters, and that sodium intake can worsen hypertension, she says. Those are the main principles upon which the DASH diet is based.

The eating plan is particular about sodium intake; it calls for no more than a teaspoon (or 2,300 milligrams) of sodium per day. But sodium is sneaky, and shows up in foods you wouldnt necessarily expect, like cereal. Thats why the diet also recommends limiting the amount of processed foods you consume.

However, unlike other eating plans (cough, keto, cough) it doesnt restrict any particular macronutrient, so there are plenty of options for food that is recommended on the dietand you dont have to go to a specialty store to find them.

Watch the video above to get more info about the DASH diet, including the foods to eat and the foods to avoid.

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Why Experts Often Recommend This Eating Plan For Better Heart Health - Well+Good

The Plant-Based Diet That Our Planet Urgently Needs – Common Dreams

Posted: June 24, 2020 at 8:48 pm

As Covid-19 continues its spread around the world, with 8,993,659 confirmed cases and 469,587 deaths, the vast majority of the population is taking the advice of scientists deadly seriously. Of course, as with everything nowadays, there is a minority of tin foil hat wearing conspiracy theorists who believe all these deaths are being faked and that Bill Gates and all the worlds scientists are in a giant global conspiracy to kill us all.

The majority of the global population fortunately are still preserving their sanity and continuing to follow the advice of the experts our taxes pay for. Unfortunately, following the advice of scientific experts in their fields seems to be limited to a problem that is threatening our lives in the current moment. When it comes to problems that are not life threatening this week or perhaps next, the majority of humanity is still acting in willful ignorance.

When it comes to the much larger and existential threat posed by the climate crisis and the annihilation of biodiversity, the experts, who are doing their best to warn us of the impending dangers, are being ignored as they have been for the past thirty years. Even those who would categorize themselves as liberals are continuing to bury their heads in the sand.

The gulf between what people say they understand is necessary and what their actions continue to prove otherwise is alarming. It is nowhere more evident than their dietary choices.

As people mock Trump supporters and others who refuse to wear masks or practice social distancing, these same people resolutely refuse to change their diets, even in the face of the biggest threats ever to face our species.

The number of reports being published, warning us that our diets are not only threatening the spread of Covid-19 and other zoonotic diseases, but largely responsible for the climate emergency and also the sixth extinction that is unfolding all around us, grows by the day. But, as people mock Trump supporters and others who refuse to wear masks or practice social distancing, these same people resolutely refuse to change their diets, even in the face of the biggest threats ever to face our species.

Virus researchers are convinced that Covid-19 came from a wet market in Wuhan, China, even if the paranoid wearers of tin are convinced otherwise. The disease is continuing to spread due to the way we treat animals with slaughterhouse workers all around the world testing positive. In Wales, 100 out of 560 workers at a single plant have tested positive, while in Germany, where things were largely under control, 1,300 out of 7,000 employees at a single facility tested positive, forcing all employees and their families into quarantine. This led to the R number in Germany increasing from 1.79 to 2.88 in just 24 hours. In general terms, keeping animals in filthy cramped conditions, feeding them a concoction of antibiotics and growth hormones, and then slaughtering them in even dirtier slaughter houses is a recipe for creating a new disease.

With 75% of new or emerging infectious diseases being zoonotic, meaning they are passed from animal to human, the impetus to change our diets should be clear to everyone. Scientists continue to warn us that humanities destruction of nature is responsible for diseases such as Covid-19. As the population continues to expand, and we continue to clear wild habitat to feed ourselves, we are coming into more and more contact with wild animal populations, putting them and us at risk.

This brings us back to our diets. Eating a diet high in animal protein requires vastly more land than a plant-based diet. Producing 1kg of beef, for example, uses 163 times more land than producing rice, beans or potatoes. To put things into stark context, 70% of formerly forested land in the Amazon is being used to graze cattle and most of the rest is being used to grow soy beans for animals living in the perfect breeding ground for new epidemics, factory farms. In total, around 80% of available arable land is used for livestock farming, yet animal products provide less than 20% of our calories. As much as we try to ignore the voices of the experts, it is getting increasingly difficult. You have to drive your head further and further into the sand with each and every passing day. But, that is what people continue to do. Even those who consider themselves to be open minded liberals. They are anything but when it comes to their dietary choices.

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The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) estimates that 60% of all wildlife lost is due to our meat centric diets, and the United Nations predict that meat consumption will double by 2050. How will nature cope with this demand?

It isnt only land use that is affected by our decision to eat animals. Around a third of all freshwater is given to livestock around the world. This, at a time when aquifers and rivers are beginning to run dry, and one in three humans doesnt have access to safe drinking water.

In their groundbreaking book, Project Drawdown, which focusses on the 100 best solutions to the climate catastrophe, three of the top five solutions are related to food, and all can be related to eating animals.

The climate crisis is also being driven in large part by our addiction to cheap meat. The U.N. states that 18% of all greenhouse gasses are caused by animal agriculture while World Watch reported in 2009 that this figure was inaccurate, and a better estimate is 51%. Whatever this figure actually is, it is likely somewhere in between, and how do we suppose to meet our targets of zero carbon by 2050 with meat consumption projected to double?

These are all questions that we need to honestly address. In their groundbreaking book, Project Drawdown, which focusses on the 100 best solutions to the climate catastrophe, three of the top five solutions are related to food, and all can be related to eating animals. They are reducing food waste, eating more plants and less meat, and restoring tropical forests.

It is impossible to eliminate all food waste, but we could make a start by eating the food that we feed to animals directly. For every kilogram of chicken flesh we consume, we have wasted between 2-5kg of edible food. When it comes to pig flesh, that rises to between 4-9kg and for cows it rises to a staggering 6-25kg of feed. This is hugely inefficient and completely unsustainable. Likewise, the only way we will be able to restore deforested land is by moving to plant-based diets which require significantly less inputs like land, water and fertilizer.

People like to say that eating animals is their right. Granted, this is a fact, just like each of us has the right to walk down the street and perpetuate violence on another person. Any of us could do this right now. Of course, there is likely to be a consequence, probably a police record or jail time. The same is true of eating animals. Yes, it is our right to choose, but this decision doesnt come without consequences. The consequences are continued lockdown, planetary warming, water depletion, mass starvation and the sixth extinction.

When looking at the consequences, a healthy plant-based diet doesnt seem such a bad choice to make.

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The Plant-Based Diet That Our Planet Urgently Needs - Common Dreams

High blood pressure – the 80p vegetable diet swap to protect against deadly hypertension – Express

Posted: June 24, 2020 at 8:48 pm

High blood pressure - which is also known as hypertension - puts extra stress on blood vessels and vital organs.

The condition could lead to some deadly complications, including strokes and heart attacks.

It could be caused by eating an unhealthy diet, or by not doing enough exercise.

But you could reduce your chances of deadly hypertension by simply adding more mushroom to your diet.

READ MORE: High blood pressure - the best exercise you can do at home

"Mushrooms are a good source of potassium, selenium and also make vitamin D when exposed to sunlight," Dr Brewer told Express Health.

"Some edible mushrooms [e.g. oyster mushrooms, enoki, porcini, reishi and maitake] have been found to lower blood pressure by blocking the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] in a similar way to prescribed ACE inhibitors.

"Mushrooms are surprisingly filling thanks to their fibre content and are a good choice when watching your weight.

"Slice mushrooms raw into salads, saut in olive oil with garlic, parboil in bouillon, make into soups, or stuff and bake in the oven. Reishi and Maitake are also available as supplements."

Meanwhile, you could also lower your risk of hypertension by simply eating more yoghurt, it's been claimed.

Yoghurt may protect against high blood pressure due to its high calcium, magnesium and potassium content. All three of these nutrients have antihypertensive effects.

Regularly eating yoghurt could lower your risk of high blood pressure by around 20 percent, scientists have claimed.

If you're not a big fan of yoghurt, you could always take probiotic supplements, which work in a similar way.

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High blood pressure - the 80p vegetable diet swap to protect against deadly hypertension - Express

Monsoon diet: Eat right with these three immunity boosting foods – The Indian Express

Posted: June 24, 2020 at 8:48 pm

By: Lifestyle Desk | New Delhi | Updated: June 24, 2020 12:30:08 pm Count on these immunity boosters this monsoon. (Source: Express Photo by Kamleshwar Singh)

The monsoon season brings a respite from the scorching heat of summer. The sheer delight of bingeing on hot pakodas with steaming ginger tea makes the rains even more enjoyable. However, as much joy as the weather brings, it also makes us susceptible to a multitude of seasonal diseases, not all of which are water-borne. According to Ritika Samaddar, regional head dietetics, Max Healthcare, Delhi, our immunity takes a dip during monsoons, making us more susceptible to common cold, viral infections, flu and digestive issues. A good immune system, therefore, is required during this season, which can be built by consuming certain foods.

Include these three foods in your diet for better immunity

Almonds are a source of 15 nutrients such as magnesium, protein, riboflavin, zinc, etc. In addition to this, they are also high in vitamin E, which acts as an antioxidant to support pulmonary immune function. Vitamin E is also known to offer protection against infections caused by viruses and bacteria. Almonds are a convenient snack that can be eaten anywhere, any time of the day. You can also mix almonds with your favourite flavours to create healthy, yet tasty snacks!

Probiotics or good bacteria present in yoghurt can help in boosting your immune function. They help in healthy regulation of the gut, which stimulates your immune response to fighting diseases. Yoghurt is also fortified with Vitamin D, which is linked to cold and flu resistance. You can try making fruit smoothies or just throw in some chopped fruits and nuts in a bowl of yoghurt for a healthy meal option.

It is one of the most powerful Indian spices and has more than 300 nutrients including calcium, fibre, iron, zinc etc. Turmeric is also known to have anti-inflammatory properties that can help in boosting immunity. It also contains anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties that further add to strengthening the bodys immune function. Turmeric can be consumed by mixing it with milk or ghee along with black pepper.

ALSO READ | This immunity-boosting chutney is good for constipation and blood sugar

As much as we love the monsoons, no one prefers falling sick and being restrained in the pleasant season. It is a time for us to protect our body against diseases by taking precautions.

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Monsoon diet: Eat right with these three immunity boosting foods - The Indian Express

How to live longer – the cheap spice to protect against bowel cancer and early death – Express

Posted: June 24, 2020 at 8:48 pm

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a well-rounded diet is crucial to prolonging your lifespan.

You could also boost your lifespan by doing regular exercise. Its the miracle cure weve all been waiting for, according to the NHS.

Making some small diet or lifestyle changes could help to increase your life expectancy and avoid an early death.

One of the easiest ways to lower your chances of an early death, while also protecting against bowel cancer, is to add more ginger to your diet.

READ MORE: How to live longer - drink to boost life expectancy

Studies show ginger fights nausea, stimulates bile production, relieve stomach discomfort, and speeds transit through the digestive tract, they said in their book Eat Better Live Longer - Understand What Your Body Needs To Stay Healthy.

It also helps to break up and dispel intestinal gas, to counter bloating.

Gingers strong anti-inflammatory action may help to relieve pain associated with conditions such as arthritis, they added.

A review of five studies found taking ginger reduced pain by nearly a third and disability by 22 percent in people with osteoarthritis.

Meanwhile, you could also increase your life expectancy by eating more avocado, they added.

Avocado is a so-called super fruit that protects the heart against heart disease and even heart attacks.

That's because they reduce the amount of 'bad' cholesterol in the body, while also boosting the amount of 'good' cholesterol, according to dietitian Juliette Kellow and nutritionist Dr Sarah Brewer.

A build-up of cholesterol in the blood increases your chances of heart disease.

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How to live longer - the cheap spice to protect against bowel cancer and early death - Express

How to get rid of visceral fat: Following this diet could reduce your harmful belly fat – Express

Posted: June 24, 2020 at 8:48 pm

Potbelly, spare tyre, middle-aged spread, alcohol belly or the unsightly paunch however you may refer to it, belly fat is not onlyannoying, it can beharmful to ones health.When it comes to getting rid of visceral fat, one diet that has proven effective is intermittent fasting.How does it work?

Intermittent fasting has gained a lot of popularity over the years and is a popular way for some to lose weight, belly fat and visceral fat.

Its a relatively easy pattern of eating which involves cycling between periods of eating and fasting.

Unlike dieting, intermittent fasting does not restrict any foods.

It simply focuses on when a person should eat them.

By following an intermittent way of eating, a person will eat fewer meals and, in turn, fewer calories.

READ MORE:How to get rid of visceral fat - foods to help burn the belly fat

With intermittent fasting, eating fewer meals can lead to an automatic reduction in calorie intake.

Additionally, intermittent fasting changes a persons hormone levels which facilitates weight loss.

As these changes in hormones take place, short-term fasting can help increase a persons metabolic rate by as much as 3.6 to 14 percent.

By helping a person eat less and burn more calories, intermittent fasting causes weight loss by changing both sides of the calorie equation and could help a person lose their visceral fat.

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In a study with the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, intermittent fasting and how it could help with weight loss was investigated.

The study noted: Intermittent fasting facilitates weight loss and improves coronary heart disease risk indicators.

This study examined the effects of intermittent fasting plus cardiovascular risks on body weight, body composition and cardiovascular heart disease risk.

The study involved obese woman and found at the end of the study, those who followed the intermittent fasting diet had a decrease in body weight, decrease in fat mass and visceral fat was reduced.

In another study with Science Direct, intermittent fasting vs daily calorie restriction was investigated.

The study noted: Recent findings suggest that intermittent fasting is effective for weight loss and cardio protection.

The goal of this review was to compare the effects of intermittent fasting on body weight, fasting glucose, fasting insulin and insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese adults.

The study found that an intermittent fasting style helped reduce visceral fat by four to seven percent over a period of six to 24 weeks.

When a person follows a diet which involves fasting it helps them to lose weight as they are consuming fewer calories.

Short-term fasting leads to several changes in the body which help burn fat.

Other changes include reducing insulin, increasing the growth hormone, enhancing epinephrine signalling and boosting metabolism.

Numerous studies indicate that intermittent fasting can help a person to lose weight and reduce their waist circumference, indicating a large loss of the harmful belly fat in the abdominal cavity, strongly linked to chronic disease.

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How to get rid of visceral fat: Following this diet could reduce your harmful belly fat - Express

What Is Fat FastingAnd Is It Good For Weight Loss? An RD Weighs In – Women’s Health

Posted: June 24, 2020 at 8:48 pm

JulijaDmitrijevaGetty Images

Between all the trendy diets like low-carb, keto, and intermittent fasting, it can be hard to keep track and figure out what might actually work for you. What's more, plenty of these diets have led to all sorts of spin-offs and other versions, including this buzzy one: fat fasting.

While the name sounds a little counterintuitive, this diet involves upping your fat intake, but only for a short period of time. Read on for a full breakdown of the diet, with input from a registered dietitian.

Fat fasting is a very short-term high-fat, low-carb meal plan, usually lasting just three to five days, according to New Jersey-based dietitian Erin Palinski-Wade, RD, CDE, author of Belly Fat Diet For Dummies. Although this is not an actual fast, it is referred to as one since the body forced into a state of ketosis (when you're burning fat for energy) due to the high-fat, low-carbohydrate intake, explains Palinski-Wade.

While it sounds a little bit like a quickie keto diet, it's not the exact same thing. Unlike the keto diet, your calories are restricted to 1,000 to 1,200 per day with 80 to 90 percent coming from fat, which is slightly higher in fat and significantly lower in calories than the standard keto diet. But it's similar in that the focus is on increasing fat intake to achieve ketosis.

Yes, it can. However, any fat loss will likely not be sustainable. As mentioned, the fat fast forces the body into ketosis, which is the process your body uses to convert fat into energy when the body is starved of glucose, explains Palinski-Wade. Your body no longer uses glucose (which is produced from carbs) for fuel when you've been fasting, or when carbohydrate intake is very low, she adds.

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The very low carbohydrate content and low calorie level of the fat fast quickly forces the body into ketosis, Palinski-Wade explains. "[The method] has been touted as a way to break through weight loss plateaus, or for individuals on a ketogenic diet to get back into a state of ketosis after a cheat day, she notes.

Remember: The goal is to keep calories between 1,000 to 1,200 per day and consume 80 to 90 percent of your total calories from fat.

So, foods high in fat with few to no carbohydrates are the ideal choice for this diet, says Palinski-Wade. These can include both animal- and plant-based foods, such as:

Foods you'd want to avoid while fat fasting include:

Due to the extremely low calorie intake and very restricted meal plan choices, it would be next to impossible to meet your daily nutrient goals while following a fat fast, says Palinski-Wade.

This plan is promoted to only last three to five days as a jump start [to weight loss or fat burning], but restrictive diets such as these are unsustainable long term and generally result in binges after such periods of restriction, she explains. The very low calorie and carbohydrate intake of this fast may result in reduced energy, changes in mood, reduced endurance, and nausea and headaches.

For people with diabetes or those on blood glucose-lowering medication, this type of meal plan may also significantly increase the risk of hypoglycemia, she adds. This form of fasting may also negatively impact athletes and those with intensive exercise routines.

Palinski-Wade notes that she generally would not recommend this diet for, well, anyone. However, if someone did try this diet plan, they should be sure to discontinue it within three to five days to prevent nutrient deficiencies, she adds.

Generally crash diets like this plan result in rebound eating behaviors, yo-yo dieting, and unsustainable weight loss, she says. People with diabetes definitely should avoid this form of diet (or consult their medical team before starting) to prevent episodes of hypoglycemia.

The bottom line: Fat fasting may help you burn fat or get through a weight loss plateau temporarily, but the weight loss will likely not be sustainable and may lead to nutritional deficienciesand Palinski-Wade does not recommend this technique.

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What Is Fat FastingAnd Is It Good For Weight Loss? An RD Weighs In - Women's Health

5 foods you must include in your diet to prevent, treat urine infections – Times Now

Posted: June 24, 2020 at 8:48 pm

5 foods you must include in your diet to prevent, treat urine infections  |  Photo Credit: iStock Images

New Delhi: A urinary tract infection, also known as UTI, is a common infection caused by microbes. Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, while some may also be caused by fungi, and viruses, in rare cases. A UTI can affect any part of your urinary tract from your kidneys, uterus, bladder, to your urethra. While lower tract UTIs are more common, upper tract UTIs are more serious.

UTIs can be caused if you come in contact with the pathogens. This can happen anywhere if proper hygiene is not followed. However, it is more common to contract a UTI from a public toilet or urinal. UTIs need to be treated with an antibiotic, and untreated UTI can grow further, and cause various complications in the urinary system. While there are no home remedies or foods that can treat UTI, there are some foods that can help you prevent the infection, and may also improve results of the medicine, providing more relief, and faster.

Disclaimer: Tips and suggestions mentioned in the article are for general information purposes only and should not be construed as professional medical advice. Always consult your doctor or a professional healthcare provider if you have any specific questions about any medical matter.

For full coverage on Coronavirus pandemic, click here.Join the Times Group initiative #MaskIndia.Share a picture with your home-made mask on your social handles using #MaskIndia. The best picture will be featured in TOI and on maskindia.com

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5 foods you must include in your diet to prevent, treat urine infections - Times Now

Rebel Wilson loses 20 kg of the same diet that made Adele – Matzav Review

Posted: June 24, 2020 at 8:48 pm

Rebel Wilson it turned out that he had lost 20 kg per diet what she did British singer Adele. In actress in Pitch Perfectsurprised his followers social network wear it with a new one Fig..

Wilson it actress in Comedy who conquered Hollywood; a few days ago the British newspaper The Sun that after the success of his role Amy, Proud ofthe film Pitch Perfecttheir leaders asked them to keep those weightSo, make sure that it is OK to communicate with roles in Comedy what it is very good.

ALEJANDRA GUZMAN, REPORTED THAT THEIR HOUSE HAD BEEN DESTROYED, THE DAMAGE DUE TO THE EARTHQUAKE

I had a job which paid a lot of money for me proud, sometimes something can be a mess to your head, said the actress in an interview for the newspaper English.

In early 2020 Rebel Wilson he said it will be his year healthybecause tired, to interpret the symbols girl with overweightstarted work out gave as the result large physical changeslike that surprised Adele this year.

IN THE MIDST OF SUFFERING AND FEAR, LIVED THE FAMOUS EARTHQUAKE IN MEXICO

In their social network, Rebel was the overall process, declaring that lost more than 20 pounds, ensuring that your goal is to get to 75. In the near future will produce their films, and, perhaps, estrene documentary, sharing his process of weight loss.

Some days are very frustrating, I want to give you, are you bothered by the lack of progress, but good things come, he assured Rebel Wilson in one of its publications via Instagram.

WHAT DIET SIRTFOOD AFTER ADELE?

In diet Sirtfood is food proteins which serve to accelerate the metabolism and burning fat. This type of food, rich in enzymes sirtuinas or SIRS (Silent Information Regulators).

PHOTOGRAPHY CHABELO 50 YEARS BECOMING A TREND

WHAT Food YOU CAN EAT IT?

It diet there are apples, Turkey, chicken, shrimp, citrus, green tea, Kale, dark chocolate, red wine, berries, coffee, parsley, nuts, onion, olive oil and tofu.

In DIET AND TWO STAGES

In diet for a start-the first stage reduction of calories, as it allows you to consume a thousand calories a day. In the second stage, the increase in the consumption of calories is the reality, it is obvious that only destroy food referred to above.

GOMITA FELL ON HIS DRAMATIC WEIGHT LOSS

(Imelda Tllez)

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Rebel Wilson loses 20 kg of the same diet that made Adele - Matzav Review

Update on trade issues affecting the dietary supplement industry – Regulatory Focus

Posted: June 24, 2020 at 8:48 pm

This article discusses recent updates on US trade policy issues in the dietary supplement industry. It focuses on the trading relationship between the US and its largest trading partners, including China, and analyzes the ongoing effects of current trade policies on companies that produce, buy, and sell dietary supplements. The authors discuss tools available to US companies to reduce financial liability when trade policies are evolving at a rapid pace.IntroductionUS trade policy has been anything but quiet in recent years. The current administration is focused on trade as a central component of its economic policy and has relied on trade tools and policies that had been dormant for decades. The administration describes its approach as making fundamental changes to US trade policy to benefit US companies and workers including reshoring supply chains, encouraging US companies to reduce their business in China, and ensuring that there is significant capacity to produce articles that touch on national security, including medicines, steel, and aluminum.1In the last two years, these trade tools have included the application of tariffs on imports of numerous Chinese goods under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, an updated United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement that replaces the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement between the three countries, and a phase one trade agreement between the US and China.2 The administrations 2020 trade agenda promises more changes to US trade policies, including increased enforcement of trade laws and agreements; potential new trade agreements with the United Kingdom, European Union (EU), and Japan; and further negotiations with China for an anticipated phase two trade agreement. For US companies, a rapidly evolving trade landscape could be a double-edged sword in that it presents novel opportunities for companies in the US and abroad but also creates a degree of uncertainty that must be taken into account.The US-China trade relationshipThe relationship between the US and China is currently center stage in trade policy. After years of negotiations on various trade frictions, the two countries announced a phase one trade agreement in January 2020 that creates new obligations by China regarding patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and pharmaceutical-related intellectual property and enhances enforcement against counterfeit goods.3 The Phase One Agreement also contains important implications for US companies doing business in China because it prohibits China from pressuring US companies to turn over their technologies as a condition of market access, business advantages, or any licensing approvals.4 This deal will have wide-reaching effects for US and Chinese companies and it lays the groundwork for a phase two deal in the future.Ongoing negotiations between the US and China will have long-lasting effects for dietary supplement companies that import Chinese goods or export to China. For example, 80% of the raw material ingredients used to produce US manufactured vitamins and dietary supplements originate in China.5 Chapter 3 of the Phase One Agreement is devoted to trade in food and agricultural products, and requires China to create a regulatory process that will facilitate US exports to China of various agricultural products, including certain dietary supplements.6 The Phase One Agreement also increases market access opportunities in China for certain US dietary products, such as fish oil. China committed to increasing imports of US goods over the next two years by at least $200 billion, from the 2017 baseline value. The list of products China committed to import as part of that increased value includes essential oils, various types of seeds (oil, flax, sunflower, colza), spices (cinnamon, cloves, ginger, nutmeg, saffron, turmeric, and others), natural gums and resins, vegetable saps and extracts, and other extracts and concentrates.7 This creates new opportunities for US companies that export these products to have more predictable and reliable supply chains to sell to Chinas growing market.Tariffs on US imports of Chinese goods, and retaliatory tariffs imposed by the China government on imports of US goods, remain largely in place, even though the two countries reached the Phase One Agreement. This includes 25% tariffs on US imports of certain essential oils, fish oils, numerous acids, salts, and compounds from China classified under the US Harmonized Tariff Schedule Chapter 29 (Organic Chemical).8 Likewise, US companies that export dietary supplements to China face various retaliatory tariffs. In response to US tariffs, China has placed tariffs ranging from 5%-25% on thousands of US products, including animal and fish oils; certain extracts; various chemicals used in vitamins, food, and medicine; medicinal capsules; and plants used in medicines.9 The extent to which the US industry relies on raw materials from China has been a source of concern for US companies. For example, the Natural Product Association testified at a June 2019 hearing held by the Office of the US Trade Representative to address challenges faced by small- and medium-sized US companies that source from China.10 On the whole, the tariffs remain in place at this time, even though several companies have sought and received product-specific exclusions from them.11The duration of these tariffs remains uncertain. During negotiations for the Phase One Agreement, Chinese officials lobbied to have US duties on Chinese imports lifted, but the US agreed to reduce tariffs on a specific tranche of goods only.12 Negotiations for a phase two agreement were expected to continue immediately after the Phase One Agreement was signed, but the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant delay in talks until further notice. A phase two agreement is expected to cover a range of issues, including the Chinese governments provision of subsidies to domestic industries, intellectual property violations and enforcement of those violations, and forced technology transfer as a condition for access to Chinas market.Tariffs on imports from the EUA separate set of tariffs, stemming from the long-standing World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute between the US and the EU, affects US companies doing business in an EU member country. The dispute stems from the EUs provision of subsidies to aircraft manufacturer Airbus and has, for years, been the source of tariffs on US goods imported into the EU and EU goods imported into the US.Most recently, the US issued a new set of tariffs on EU imports after a WTO panel determined in October 2019 that the US was entitled to impose countermeasures against the EU for subsidies provided to Airbus.13 Although the WTO panel determined that the Airbus subsidies caused lost sales and revenues to the US aircraft industry, its ruling does not limit the US to imposing countermeasures (e.g., tariffs) to any particular industry or product. In previous years, the US has imposed duties on EU imports on a rotating, or so-called carrousel, basis, whereby products were subject to duties for a certain period and then removed from the tariff list. In April 2019, the US proposed applying additional duties to a range of EU imports, including various essential oils (orange, lemon, grapefruit, peppermint, eucalyptus, and others), concentrates of essential oils, and resinoids.14 Ultimately, and after much input from the industry including comments submitted by the Council for Responsible Nutrition explaining that many US companies source key raw ingredients from the EU15 none of those items were included on the final list of Section 301 duties for EU imports that is currently in effect.16 The duties went into effect on 18 October 2019, and will remain in effect until further notice.17Country of origin and marking issues for importsAs companies evaluate their supply chains in the midst of this new trade landscape, one option available to any US company is to confirm the country of origin of products it imports from overseas. US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is experiencing an enormous uptick in requests for country-of-origin rulings from US companies. For decades, companies have requested country-of-origin determinations for imported products made of component parts from various countries or processed in a third country before entering the US. The country of origin of an imported product is more relevant than ever today because of the varying tariff levels that apply to imports depending on product and country. Since the Section 301 duties applicable to most Chinese imports went into effect in 2018, CBP has issued hundreds of country-of-origin rulings to advise companies whether their imported products are subject to tariffs. The correct classification of imports is crucial to businesses for financial and liability purposes.For example, if fish oil capsules are made of fish oil that is sourced and processed in Peru and is then shipped to China, where the fish oil is placed in capsules, should those fish oil capsules be labeled as a product of Peru or China when they are imported to the US? CBP answered that question in August 2019 and determined that the fish oil capsules should be marked with Peru as the country of origin.18 In its ruling, CBP explained that the fish oil retains its chemical and physical properties throughout the production process and is merely put into the capsules for dosage in China. For that reason, no substantial transformation of the fish oil occurs in China, and Peru remains the country of origin of the final product. CBP has confirmed in other rulings that the country from which the fish oil is sourced is the country of origin for fish oil capsules, even if the encapsulation process occurs in a third country before the product is imported into the US.19CBP has concluded that a substantial transformation occurs in cases where the processing performed in a third country, or in the US prior to sale, is more involved or complicated. For example, in 2018, CBP considered the country of origin for three different multivitamins.20 In 2018, CBP considered the country of origin for three different multivitamins.20 The multivitamins contained raw material ingredients from numerous countries, including China, India, Spain, Malaysia, Brazil, and the US. The raw materials were all imported into the US, where they were processed into multivitamins at a production facility in Michigan. CBP found that the combining and mixing of the raw materials in the US was substantial because each of the raw materials loses its original identity when combined to create a new finished product, the multivitamins. The multivitamins were, therefore, a product of the US. In another 2019 ruling, however, CBP found that a vitamin product whose active ingredient was sourced in Switzerland, imported to India to be mixed with inactive ingredients, then imported into the US, had Switzerland as the country of origin.21 CBP continues to process hundreds of country-of-origin requests as companies evaluate how to optimize the competitiveness of their production process and supply chain given the current trade climate.ConclusionWhere does this leave US companies? The industry has been vocal about the impact of current trade policies on dietary supplement companies. The dust has settled in certain respects, in that companies understand the impact of tariffs that have now been in place for a couple of years, but there are likely to be further changes ahead. Once the US emerges from dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, companies can expect trade to return to being a top priority. US-China trade negotiations will continue, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement will be implemented, and new trade agreements will be negotiated all of which will require successful companies to understand the applicable rules and how to structure their operations within those rules to maximize the ability to compete.AbbreviationsCBP, Customs and Border Protection; EU, European Union; HTS, harmonized tariff schedule; USTR, US Trade Representative; WTO, World Trade Organization.References

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Update on trade issues affecting the dietary supplement industry - Regulatory Focus


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